glossary
While watching kdramas, you’ll probably notice a lot of terms cropping up repeatedly, sometimes without enough time for a full explanation. Here’s a glossary of some of the more commonly used terms. I’ll also be adding to this list as I think them up.
GLOSSARY OF COMMONLY USED TERMS
ajumma :: A middle-aged woman. Can be used for a close friend of the family, or a stranger. Can be made more formal as “ajumoni.”
ajusshi :: A middle-aged man, the counterpart to ajumma.
arubite :: A part-time job, derived from the German word Arbeit, meaning employment. Corresponds to the Japanese cognate arubaito. These days the word is often shortened to al-ba.
banjun drama :: A drama with a shocking twist halfway through.
banmal and joen-dae mal :: Language and politeness is very important in the Korean language, as it is in Japanese. There are strict hierarchies of what form of speech to use, depending on one’s relationship to the conversation partner. Banmal is informal speech — not necessarily rude, but familiar. Used only with those close to you, or younger (i.e. to a teenager or younger) — but when used between one adult to another, even if it’s older to younger, banmal may be seen as rude if sufficient familiarity has not been achieved. Joen-dae mal, then, is the polite form of speech.
chaebol :: A family-owned corporation head, like Samsung or Hyundai. Similar to zaibatsu in Japan. Because of the family-owned nature of the business, there’s no direct equivalent in English. The chaebol (sometypes translated “tycoon”) is the founder of the company, so therefore many kdrama male leads are second-generation chaebols (or third-generation, such as in Hello! Miss). The second-generation chaebol is a common kdrama character because he presents an easy Prince Charming figure — young enough to enjoy the spoils of wealth, but old enough to earn some respect working in the company. Other examples: Both Lee Dong Wook and Lee Junki’s characters in My Girl, Jo Hyun Jae in Only You, Lee Ji Hoon and Ha Seok Jin in Hello! Miss. They can be female, such as Hye Rin in Que Sera Sera.
chae-hada :: A verb, often weirdly translated, meaning “to have indigestion” or heartburn. Often mis-translated as “choke,” although sometimes choke sounds better than the less-poetic indigestion. A common Korean home remedy is to massage the arms to rush the blood toward the hands, tie a finger with string, and prick the fingertip with a needle. The idea is that indigestion is caused by a blockage of “bad blood” or some other negative energy in the bloodstream, and by forcing it to the extremities and releasing it, you are ridding your body of the blockage. I know it sounds like voodoo witch medicine, but I SWEAR THIS WORKS. I am a huge skeptic when it comes to these things, but the blood that comes out is actually blackish, and the relief is instantaneous. Much faster than Pepto.
di-ka :: Digital camera. Comes from shortening the two, since Koreans love to cut words off and mash them together. We’re lazy like that?
dongsaeng :: Meaning “younger sibling,” can refer to a true blood sibling, or a close friend whom you treat as a younger sibling. While dongsaeng applies to both genders, its opposites are gender-specific (see hyung, oppa, and unni).
fusion drama :: A drama that takes elements of separate genres, i.e., fusion sageuk, which would be a historical drama mixed with traits usually not seen in conventional historicals. For instance, Conspiracy in the Court is a fusion sageuk thriller; Hong Gil Dong is a fusion sageuk comedy.
hoobae :: A junior classmate or colleague. A less intimate and/or more professional term than dongsaeng. But, because hoobae is a term used for a younger person, you don’t address them as “hoobae” — you would just use their name. (For instance: She is my hoobae, but I call her Su Jin.)
hyung :: “Older brother,” used between males only. Can be used between blood brothers, or close friends.
hyungnim :: Formal version of hyung, used between men with a slightly formal relationship (i.e., brothers-in-law). Also common parlance for gangsters to use with their bosses and superiors.
Kongji & Patji or Patzzi:: Korean Cinderella story. Okay, I keep getting them mixed up (thanks to KJH for the correction!), but I’ve been told Kongji’s the nice one, Patji’s the mean one.
mat-seon :: A formal blind date set up with the intention of possibly marrying the participants. Often set up between the parents. Seen in practically every kdrama ever.
melo :: Melodrama, tearjerker.
noona :: “Older sister” used by a male to a female. Again, can be used between blood siblings or merely people who are close friends.
officetel :: A studio apartment. I have no idea why they came up with officetel. Basically an apartment for a single inhabitant, with kitchen and perhaps its own office. And maybe telephone. Or television. Or teleportation device. Edit: apparently a conflation of “office” and “hotel”
oppa :: “Older brother,” used by a girl to an older male. When used between people who are not related, can carry a romantic connotation — many girls call their boyfriends oppa, a process I used to find vaguely creepy as I have many blood oppas (brothers and cousins), but have since become used to. Many times a girl who starts calling a guy oppa may like him or be saying that as an expression of her interest. Not always, of course. But a girl who does NOT like an older unrelated male would likely call him something else, such as sunbae or his full name.
pojangmacha :: Streetside food tents, where you’ll have the obligatory scene of the heartbroken lead drowning their sorrows in ddukkbokki (spicy rice cakes) and soju. They are literally everywhere, and the tents pop up in the eveningtime.
sageuk drama :: Historical drama
sel-ca :: Self-photographed pictures. Often with one’s di-ka in the hopes of becoming an uljjang.
Shim Chung :: Heroine of an ancient folktale known for her virtue and filial piety. Jumped into the sea to save her blind father, rescued for her beauty (naturally) by sea god, eventually returned to land. After she marries him. I think. Calling someone Shim Chung can suggest they are good and sweet, or that they are a goody-two-shoes.
sogaeting :: A blind date. A mishmash of the word “sogae” (introduce) and “meeting.” Much more casual than the marriage-minded mat-seon.
soju :: Korean liquor known for being strong and cheap. Comes in green bottles. Tastes like vodka. Usually around 40 proof (20% alcohol). Also seen in practically every kdrama ever.
sunbae :: Means “senior” and is often used with the suffix “nim” which makes it polite: “sunbae-nim.” In Witch Amusement, Yoo Hee (Han Ga In) calls Joon Ha (Kim Jung Hoon) “sunbae” without the “nim,” which makes it more casual.
uljjang or ulzzang :: A hottie. Specifically one with a beautiful face, as the word is a mishmash of the words “uhl-goohl” (face) and “jjang,” which is slang for “best.” With the weird cult of Internet fame, an uljjang can also refer to a celebrity whose fame arose from posting self-taken photos on their cyworlds. Some famous uljjangs include Park Han Byul, Gu Hye Sun, Kim Ok Bin.
unni :: “Older sister,” used between females only. (In recent years, some men have taken to calling women “unni,” which is a slang appropriation of the term.)
yobo or yeobo :: The word used between spouses, similar to “honey” except that “yobo” is only used between spouses.
© javabeans for Dramabeans, 2007. |
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Oh I love this glossary Sarah!!! =) Thank you!!!
One of the toughest thing for me when it comes to learning Korean/Japanese is the politeness level in its speech. Banmal and joen-dae mal seems so hard to understand and remember…
Thank you very much for this list.
ZB24
Thank you very much..java beans…today i know little of korean language…
Kamsahamnida…..
Thanks for this!
LOL, I also found the “oppa” term to be strange at first but got used to it
How about officetel (sp?)? I get what it is by having watched enough kdramas but I wonder how they arrived at calling these domiciles that?
Amyable, that’s a good one, i’ll add. And i have no idea why they call them that, unless it’s some mistakenly garbled mash-up of “office” and “hotel”? Like, an apartment for an office-goer?
what about autobite (or part-time job)? i was watching nonstop 4 with subs the other day and it seems they dont actually translate it.
kiwee, added!
What is “handboks”? Is it called traditional Korean pouch or handbag?
hanboks are traditional korean style clothing.
Hi Sarah,
Is there a formal way of saying father and mother? I hear “appa” and “omma” but also another version of it.
Thanks!
(Also, I watch some jdramas as well and I notice that the word for “bag” in Japanese is also “ka-bang” Heehee
)
Father = “ah-beo-ji” or “appa,” which is more like Dad; “ah-beo-nim” is even more formal
Mother = “eo-meo-ni” or “umma,” which is like Mom; “eo-meo-nim” is formal
And there are lots of similarities between Korean and Japanese words (the Japanese for bag is kaban), like yaksok = yakusoku (promise); kudu = kutsu (shoes); cha = cha (tea); undong = undou (exercise); shinho = shingo (signal); sunbae = senpai (senior); gunbae = ganbai (cheers)….
Thanks for the clarification! I find it really interesting how Korean has formal and banmal speech! And also how men and women will use different words when describing things.
I’ve also noticed that a few Korean words are pronounced exactly the same as they are in Taiwanese (a dialect of Chinese).
It’s funny because they’ll say some similar phrase and my ears will perk up thinking, “hey, I know that word!”
Hi Javabeans,
Can you comment on the meaning of ssakaji (jerk?) and the different types of bang (rooms?). Much appreaciated.
Interesting note about ssagaji. The word literally means ‘manners,’ so the full insult, commonly used, is that someone doesn’t have ssagaji (싸가지 없다, ssagaji ob-da!). If ever used to say someone has ssagaji, it’s usually used as a grudging admission that someone is actually polite. However (and this is where it gets confusing), sometimes people just cut short the exclamation and say, “Look at that ssagaji!” or “Geez! Ssagaji” which suggests, Boy, what a rude jerk!
I’m not sure what you mean about bang? It just means room. And can be used in various settings like in English — bathroom, bedroom, storeroom…
Thanks for the glossary! I find this really useful, as I am becoming more of a Korean drama addict! I plan to learn Korean soon =)
Hi!
Quick question, but how do you type Korean?
Like, mainland China uses pinyin, so they use the English “ABCD” to type a word.
Whereas Taiwan uses zhuyin, the keyboard actually has Chinese characters. Essentially phonetic characters that are used to pronounce Chinese words.
So I was wondering if Koreans type with an “ABCD”-ish keyboard, or do you use Korean characters?
Thanks!
The meaning behind OfficeTel – is because of office + hotel = officetel. Another Konglish word (which you probably already know). Before they became to known as studio apartments, from my understanding, when buildings had extra office space (because they weren’t being rented out by enough companies/ firms), they converted the office spaces into rentable living spaces kind of like hotels. So tada… officetel.
very niceeee
you rock javaaaa!
Thanks for developing this site. I have been hooked on watching Kdrama since last year, and I have always wanted to know few words that you have posted above. This glossary section really helped for people like me (non-Korean). Thanks a bunch! ^^
This is a great glossary, thanks for compiling it! I have a question: While watching numerous kdramas, I’ve come across 3 ways to say thank you – ‘komapsumnida’, ‘kamsahamnida’ and ‘komawoyo’ – and I’ve always been confused as to how you use them in various situations. I’m guessing one is more formal than other, but can’t really tell which. Would anyone care to explain? Thanks!
hey javabeans, thanks for this terrific glossary.
i’m just wondering: does “opa” always hold a romantic connotation? i’m a second generation korean who’s still learning the culture/language ropes, so i wasn’t aware of that… i’m horrified at the idea that i’ve been expressing romantic interest in my cousin by calling him “opa” .
#22 Anonymous – javabeans has already explained this in her entry for the term. Or maybe you missed that entry because you were looking for “opa” – a German grandad – instead of “oppa” with the correct “tense” sound?
how about “seng show?” i’ve heard people use it frequently in dramas and real life but never quite understood what it meant.
Rory, that’s used (usually sarcastically) when someone’s acting weird and/or overdramatic — like they’re putting on a performance instead of reacting normally.
OOPs… i just discovered this page.. so excited…
A good one, i must say. I can learn my korean vocab here… yippeee…
by the way, regarding the one that Rory mentioned (post 24), javabeans, mind to share with me or rather us how to write that in korean. I am not good in korean romanising, but i can read korean words.
Jessica (post 17), i am not sure whether there’s any difference between keyboards using by each country. i remembered Japan and Korea has it own set of keyboards with their characters printed in it. (hope i didnt remembered this wrongly, cos i frequent their PC cafe before, me having problem using their keyboards… kekekeke, so embarrassing LOL)
But for me, using the normal ABCD-english keyboard, (of cos, u need to switch to Korean IME), each alphabet represent one hangul character. For example, for letter G, it will show “ㅎ”, for letter K, it will show “ㅏ” and letter S, it will show “ㄴ”, if key all together, it will become 한.
Hope my explanation is clear. kekekeke… sorry if i made any mistake here and there.
hi javabeans! I was just wondering..does soju taste more like of vodka or gin?
thanks
I’ve been wondering about the meaning of “goon” when it’s added to the end of someone’s name (usually a male). Is this a form of endearment or a fond way of calling someone an idiot? For example, “Shin Goon” in Goong and I also think it’s used in Miss Kim. Thanks.
thanks javabeans for this glossary! i’ve gotten obsessed of korean dramas i wanted to know the language so i tried (desperately!) to know even the basic ones… right now i already have a rather short list of basic words, now i have to add your list on mine hehe! thanks! komao (is this correct?)! “salamat” in Filipino…
just love your site! – sigh! -
i was just wondering… what series are you currently doing recaps now?
“goon” is like “Mister,” similar to attaching the “-sshi” suffix to a name.
soju tastes like vodka more than gin, in that it doesn’t have much taste (and therefore makes a great mixer).
hi Javabeans~
how about adding orabeoni? after watching Capital Scandal i have a high interest on this term.. i know it’s kinda an old fashioned version of oppa… but how is its actual position in current days? when i ask my Korean friend, “what do you think if i address him as orabeoni” (him refers to KJH, and it was on KJH’s daum cafe) she answered me, “that’s cute, i think it sounds sweeter than oppa” …..
and i also heard that NamSangMi used to call her co-stars with orabeoni……
oh, some more questions..
there’re hyeongnim and nunim for the formal version of hyeong and nuna ryt… i wonder if there’re also eonninim (probably eonnim?^^; ) and oppanim? ahaha…..^^;;
i think i’ve heard eonnim when watching Gag Concert (the Gag men play a role of female version of gangster^^), but i could be wrong…
thank u in advanced! ^^
What about joahae and saranghae? Often when I’m watching the dun, dun, DUN moment is joahae, which I’m guessing is “I like you…alot”, whereas saranghae is “I love you”. But most of the subbing will use “I love you” for joahae confessions which I ALWAYS have to point out to my hubby…like he cares.
Care to clarify?
what does aeyggo mean? they kept saying it in we are married.
LOve it! THANKSSSSSSSSS!:)
how do u say Thank You..in Korean?..I heard it many times but still can’t remember…i think it’s really long….I’ve watched a lot of kdrama..which makes me wanna learn some korean..and go to korea someday…
you do have a very informative page. thank you.
thank you = kamsahamnida.
thank you for this! (^_^)
love this page.
In the drama “Thank You”, the female doctor who is dying of cancer calls her boyfriend, also a doctor, “hyung”. This is the first time I’ve ever heard a woman call a man “hyung” in real life or in a drama. Can you comment on this? Is it a fairly new phenomenon?
hi happy birthday”!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Thanks a lot for this page….^_^
Hope You’ll add more, so I could learn more
shp: maybe his name is hyeong. ㅋㅋㅋㅋ
Otherwise, perhaps she’s delusional? I don’t know.
@Moo! I’m at UCF
I was speaking to some friends and they told me this occurs sometimes in situations when using the term “oppa” would be too “girlfriend-like”, yet when “sunbae” would be a bit too formal.
Has anybody else come across this situation where a woman calls a man “hyung”?
Thanks a lot for all these . actually , i do learn many korean words from the dramas but are sometimes kinda confused with their meaning .
same problem with the term ” oppa ” . they say it is a term used by a female when calling an older male . but my korean friend told me that they don’t usually call a guy “oppa ” unless they know each other very well . so , how am i suppose to call my male friend who is like 8 years older than me ? by calling his name directly seems a bit impolite , but by adding the suffix ” shi ” seems too formal …….
ahhm…
Javabeans…
i just want to know what is the most used korean term for “thank you”???and also the “yes” and “no”???…
i’m really curious about it…
and thanks for the glossary…love it…ü
TOUCH!
Hi Javabeans & fellow bloggers,
otherwise we will be bursting (I know I would).
I like your website very much, it provides an outlet to unleash our thoughts & emotions after becoming kdrama addicts
I started watching kdrama just recently and have been hooked, seriously hooked. Now I want to know everything about the actors, the language & the country!
I love to sing & I love the soundtracks but I wish I knew the meaning of the lyrics.
I am Ga Ga over the song. The romanised lyrics are as follows: Kamsahamnida
I hope this is not too much to ask but if anyone is kind enough, please let me know the meaning of this song Da Ga Ga Go Ship Uh from the Man in the Vineyard, just a rough translation will mean a lot to me
* Mae-hil bonun aikun, donkatun pyojong
Chorum gi nal chorom, ku dae-ro inde
Pyolil do[a], niniyuro datudakado
Tudol-dae-nun, ni mosume u-sumi nawa
Shwinke torajiko, hwarul-nae-nun na
Orinayichorum, jemat dae-ronde
Nowa hamkke, han shikani mannajilsurok
Waen-ji ma-u-mi tadu thae, Ki dae-go-shipo
**Chogum aju chogum, nowi kyoturo Dakakago shipo
Orae aju orae, Kakka-un kose isso jwo * (last ***)
Nowa hamkke han shikami Manhajitsurok
waen-ji-ma-u, Mi ddaddu-thae, kidaego shipo **
Chichil ddae mada, ulgo shipul ddae mada
Ni olguri monjo ddo-olla
Nado noyeke himi dwijugo shipo
Ajik soturugo-olyodo……
Mami nae ma-u-mii, parago isso Yonggirul nae-ya hae
Narul-I nukkimul, Jonhago shipo noyeke **
***Chigum gudae-ro issojwo
hi java beans…
what a nice site..now i know what sunbae means ahaha…
what is nonmulboda?
hi!! just want to know the korean term of husdand and wife??
tnx
@ 47: Sunbae is usually a respectful term for a person senior to you in school/workplace/etc.
@ 48 : I think it’s ‘nampyung’ and ‘ah-neh’ (or the older term, ‘bu-in’) but don’t take my word for it. I’m learning korean through dramas. =P
JB, I wanted to know what “makjang” meant – you have spoken about it in relation to several dramas but I wasn’t sure what exactly it meant..
Thanks
sana
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
@45:
No – Aniyo
Yes – Ne
Thank you – Kasamhamnida
I’m confused by the changing idioms in the korean language. I’m second generation Korean and I was told many years ago to call women ah-gah-see to flatter them (as opposed to ah-jum-mah). Now, I hear that ah-gah-see is not used any more. What’s the proper term for a woman (maybe a stranger) when you don’t know their proper age?
Hey..Cool glossary ^_^
I have a question: What does it mean when in dramas they say reflect? Never got that concept. I saw it first in Goong and then in soulmate.
yeah! cool…its good that you have this glossary..
52/ ah-gah-see (maybe “ah-gah-ssi”) means, a young woman who isn’t married yet. Not kind of ‘virgin’ kind of meaning, but ‘ah-gah-see’ still means the opposite of ‘ah-jum-ma’, a term which means a married woman, and not too young. So, if you call a woman ‘ah-gah-see’, it means that you see the woman young and beautiful enough to consider her state as unmarried. It’s flattering. On the other hand, if you call a woman ‘ah-jum-ma’, it means that you see the woman old and quite not attractive – enough to consider her already married and probably in her middle ages.These terms contain not only meanings of gender and age, but slight shade of meaning of a person’s social state.
So, you may call a lady ‘ah-gah-see’ if she seems to be young enough,
and call another lady ‘ah-ju-meo-ni’ if she seems to be in the age of ‘ah-jum-ma’. ‘ah-ju-meo-ni’ and ‘ah-jum-ma’ literally carries the same meaning, but the former sounds more polite and acceptable.
If you can’t get even the glimpse of it, just call her by the name. She won’t be mad at you ;-P
i realised that in kdramas, when calling someone jerk/idiot or something along those lines, the words ‘ima’ or ’shiga’ is used? is this the correct romanisation and what contexts are they usually used in?
Kawaii is not in this glossary? I had to look it up at one point.
kawaii is japanese, not korean.
hi! I was just wondering, what does hallyu mean?
hey guys…right now Im almost finished with my first kdrama- series…dont know why but Im addicted
And also interested in the language… Could somebody tell me how u say “Sorry” in korean?
Thank u
Great page!
Heheh, love this <3
)
Thanks!
@ xxtoeshoesxx : “hallyu” is the korean word for the “korean wave”…When korean dramas, their actors and the singers and bands begun to export to Taïwan or Japan, ( and even abroad: US, Europe) it has been called “hallyu”…
I don’t if it’s clear…I don’t know how to explain it in english ^_^ (I’m a french speaker)
By the way, I hope you’ll understand :-p
@ Janine: in korean, “sorry” is ” joesonghabnida “